1. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): tshwm sim hauv cov txiv neej hnub nyoog tshaj 50 xyoo, uas tshwm sim nrog kev tso zis thiab tso zis. Hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav, nws tuaj yeem ua rau hydronephrosis thiab hydroureter. Kev kuaj mob tuaj yeem paub tseeb los ntawm kev kuaj lub qhov quav digital, cystoscopy, thiab cystography.
2. Bladder Neck Obstruction: Hauv cov poj niam, qhov no ua rau muaj teeb meem tso zis thiab tso zis. Kev hnov mob hauv cheeb tsam perianal thiab perineum yog qhov qub. Kev kuaj mob sib txawv tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm cystoscopy lossis kuaj urodynamic.
3. Congenital Urethral Valves: Feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov menyuam yaus, nthuav tawm nrog kev tso zis nyuaj thiab tso zis. Kev kuaj mob sib txawv tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm urethroscopy lossis urethrography.
4. Poj niam Stress Urinary Incontinence: Detrusor nqaij muaj nuj nqi yog ib txwm, urethral tsis kam yog tsawg, lub zais zis caj dab elevation test yog zoo, thiab cystourethrography qhia obliteration ntawm lub posterior urethral lub kaum sab xis thiab lub zais zis caj dab txoj hauj lwm.
5. Urethral Stenosis: tuaj yeem yog los yog kis tau, nrog rau kev tso zis nyuaj raws li cov tsos mob tseem ceeb. Kev soj ntsuam urethral qhia pom qhov txawv stenotic ntu, thiab urethrography tuaj yeem paub meej qhov kev kuaj mob.
6. Lub zais zis caj dab: Dysuria feem ntau nrog cov zis mob. Cov zis tso zis yuav nres tam sim ntawd thaum tso zis. Kev kuaj ultrasound yuav pom muaj zog, thiab cov duab xoo hluav taws xob ntawm lub zais zis tuaj yeem pom cov duab ntxoov ntxoo radiopaque. Cystoscopy tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov loj thiab tus naj npawb ntawm pob zeb.
7. Bladder cancer: Pedunculated hlav nyob rau hauv lub zais zis caj dab los yog trigone tuaj yeem ua rau dysuria thiab tso zis tso tawm vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub urethral orifice. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg mob feem ntau ntsib qhov tsis mob hematuria. Cov zis cytology tuaj yeem kuaj cov qog nqaij hlav cancer. Intravenous urography (IVU) tuaj yeem pom muaj qhov tsis xws luag hauv lub zais zis. Cystoscopy tuaj yeem txiav txim ncaj qha qhov chaw, qhov loj me, thiab tus lej ntawm cov qog thiab tso cai rau kev kuaj ntshav ib txhij.
